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Arbitration is usually the final step in the Visa recovery process.  When a dispute cannot be settled in pre-arbitration, arbitration can be filed and Visa will make a ruling as to who is liable.  In the Allocation flow, only the acquiring bank may file arbitration when their pre-arbitration dispute to the issuer's initial dispute is not accepted by the issuer.  In the Collaboration flow, only the issuer may file arbitration after attempting to resolve with an initial charge-back and a pre-arbitration attempt.  The following is a high level view of the Visa arbitration workflow.  The Execute step is not present in Allocation as this step is performed by the acquirer.